FVUR Family Video User Review
FVUR Fantasy Violence You Are
FVUR Future Value Unfinanced Requirement
FVUR Face Value Unfinanced Requirement
FVUR Fair Value Unfinanced Requirement
FVUR Fun Video Un-registered
FVUR Filter UV
FVUR Family Video User Review
clips of video, usually part of a longer piece.
Video clips in digital format are often found on the internet where the massive
influx of new video clips during 2006 was hailed as a new phenomenon having a
profound impact on both the internet and other forms of media. Sources for video
clips include news and sporting events, historical videos, music videos,
television programmes, film trailers and vlogs. Webvideo in its current form
distinguishes itself from what is mostly known as video on demand mainly in
terms of technology, interface and cost for the user. The current hype in online
video viewing only arose when sites were introduced that offered free hosting
for the high bandwidth content and the possibility to easily integrate these
into personal Blogs or websites. This enabled online videos to cross over into
the mainstream. The arrival of these sites also gave rise to more widespread use
of the name webvideo. Video on demand however, is more closely associated with
payed content of film studios, online video stores en cable providers. Video on
demand also specifically references videos that start at a moment of the user's
choice, as opposed to streaming, multicast and webcams in which the data is sent
to the user live by a server.
The term is also more loosely used to mean any short video less than the length
of a traditional television programme.
On the Internet
With the spread of broadband Internet access, video clips have become very
popular online. By mid 2006 there were tens of millions of video clips available
online, with new websites springing up focusing entirely on offering free video
clip to users and many established and corporate sites adding video clip content
to their websites. With the spread of broadband Internet access, video clips
have become very popular online. Whereas most of this content is non-exclusive
and available on competing sites, some companies produce all their own videos
and do not rely on the work of outside companies or amateurs.
While some video clips are taken from established media sources, community or
individual-produced clips are becoming more common. Some individuals host their
created works on vlogs, which are video blogs. The use of internet video is
growing very fast. Between March and July of the year 2006 YouTube alone grew
from 30 to 100 million views of videos per day. More recent developments
includes the BBC's iPlayer, due for release in July 2007.
Distinctive properties
As the developments in the area of internet video move very swiftly, it is
difficult to define distinctive properties. There are however certain criteria,
which seem to fit most web videos:
* most commonly use FLV format (Flash Video), but also Windows Media Video,
RealMedia, Quicktime or DivX;
* usually freely available, which might help explain the current popularity;
* most commonly uploaded by private persons, which explains the inferior
technical quality when compared to paid content;
* due to the lack of censorship there seems to be an abundance of free
expressions, especially by youth;
* commonly used on weblogs and other web 2.0 sites;
* commonly financed by advertising revenue at the hosting site. Although YouTube
has announced plans to let creative users share in the advertising income, for
now the only benefiting parties are the site owners.
Clip culture
The widespread popularity of video clips, with the aid of new distribution
channels, has evolved into clip culture. It is compared to "lean-back"
experience of seeing traditional movies, refers to an internet activity of
sharing and viewing a short video, mostly less than 15 minutes. The culture
began as early as the development of broadband network, but it sees the boom
since 2005 when websites for uploading clips are emerging on the market,
including YouTube, Google Video, MSN Video and Yahoo! Video.
These video clips often show moments of significance, humour, oddity, or prodigy
performance. Sources for video clips include news, movies, music video and
amateur video shot. In addition to the clip recorded by high-quality camcorders,
it is becoming common to produce clips with digital camera, webcam, and mobile
phone.
Rise of amateurs
Unlike traditional movies largely dominated by studios, clip movies were
overwhelmingly supplied by amateurs. In May 2006, The Economist reported that
90% of clips on YouTube came from amateurs, a few of whom are young comedians.
It, in effect, also brought amateur talents.
In 2005, two Chinese students Huang Yixin and Wei Wei, now dubbed as "Back Dorm
Boys" showed their talent in lip-synching in a song of the Backstreet Boys, with
their self-conscious grimaces in a video uploaded to some clip websites, has
instantly become renown. Not only did they appear on television shows, concerts,
but were also granted a contract by a media company in Beijing for lip-syncing
for cash.
An earlier celebrity was David Elsewhere, a talent at popping and liquiding. His
performance to Kraftwerk's song Expo 2000 at the talent show Kollaboration in
2001 was widely spread on the internet leading later to his being hired to
participate as a dancer in advertisements for Heineken, iPod and Pepsi.
Citizen journalism
Citizen video reporting dates back as early as the development of camcorders,
but all videos were screened by the local media outlets of the time, until its
spread has been aided by free upload websites in which censorship is limited to
make a vast amount of videos available to anyone who wants it. Scenes rarely
broadcast on television, and many first-witnessed scenes have since become
publicly available.
The tsunami caused by the December 26, 2004 earthquake strikes Ao Nang,
Thailand.
The tsunami caused by the December 26, 2004 earthquake strikes Ao Nang,
Thailand.
Notably, in December 2004, tourist videos on the Indian Ocean earthquake and
tsunami offered worldwide audiences the first scenes of the disaster. In
December 2003, videos in Hong Kong showing the bully in De La Salle School has
outraged the public, raised a wide concern on school violence and led to the
arrest of 11 students.
Vlog
In late 2005 to early 2006, a new form of blogging emerged called a vlog. It is
a blog that takes video as the primary content, often accompanied by supporting
text, image, and additional metadata to provide context. Su Li Walker, an
analyst with the Yankee Group, said that like blogs, which have become an
extension of traditional media, video blogs will be a supplement to traditional
broadcasting.
Convergence with traditional media
The potential markets of video clips has caught the attention of traditional
studios. In 2006, the producers of Lucky Number Slevin, a film with Morgan
Freeman, Lucy Liu and Bruce Willis, made an 8-minute clip for YouTube. Celebrity
in traditional media has proven to confer bigger popularity in clip culture.
Cyril Takayama, a Japanese-European magician, became famous by showing his
theandric skills in Japanese TV magic show in 2004. His fame was achieved only
in Japan and the international magicians' culture, until his video clips were
later spread across the Internet.
Video blog
A video blog, sometimes shortened to vlog is a blog that comprises video .
Regular entries are typically presented in reverse chronological order and often
combine embedded video or a video link with supporting text, images, and other
metadata.
FVUR functional Vesicoureteral reflux
FVUR functional Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is an abnormal movement of urine
from the bladder into ureters or kidneys. Urine normally travels from the
kidneys via the ureters to the bladder. In vesicoureteral reflux the direction
of urine flow is reversed (retrograde).
Symptoms
Most patients will present with symptoms consistent with a urinary tract
infection. In the absence of infection discomfort when voiding or flank pain may
be the most obvious symptoms. Pyelonephritis and associated symptoms are also
not uncommon.
Newborns may be lethargic with failure to thrive, while infants and young
children typically present with pyrexia, dysuria, frequent urination, malodorous
urine and GIT symptoms.
Causes
In healthy individuals the ureters enter the urinary bladder obliquely and run
submucosally for some distance. This in addition to the ureter's muscular
attachments help secure and support them posteriorly. Together these features
produce a valve like effect that occludes the ureteric opening during storage
and voiding of urine. In people with VUR failure of this mechanism occurs with
resultant retrograde flow of urine.
Primary VUR
Insufficient submucosal length of the ureter relative to its diameter causes
inadequacy of the valvular mechanism. This is precipitated by a congenital
defect/lack of longitudinal muscle of the intravesical ureter resulting in an
ureterovesicular junction (UVJ) anomaly.
Secondary VUR
In this category the valvular mechanism is intact and healthy to start with but
becomes overwhelmed by raised vesicular pressures associated with obstruction,
which distorts the ureterovesical junction. The obstructions may be anatomical
or functional. Secondary VUR can be further divided into anatomical and
functional groups as follows:
Anatomical: Posterior urethral valves; urethral or meatal stenosis.
These causes are treated surgically when possible.
Functional: Bladder instability, neurogenic bladder and non-neurogenic
neurogenic bladder Urinary tract infections may cause reflux due to the elevated
pressures associated with inflammation.
Resolution of functional VUR will usually occur if the precipitating cause is
treated and resolved. Medical and/or surgical treatment may be indicated.
Prevalence
It has been estimated that VUR is present in more than 10% of the population. In
children without urinary tract infections 17.2-18.5% have VUR, whereas in those
with urinary tract infections the incidence may be as high as 70%.
Age
Younger children are more prone to VUR because of the relative shortness of the
submucosal ureters. This susceptibility decreases with age as the length of the
ureters increases as the children grow. In children under the age of 1 year with
a urinary tract infection, 70% will have VUR. This number decreases to 15% by
the age of 12.
Sex
Although VUR is more common in males antenatally, in later life there is a
definite female preponderance with 85% of cases being female.
International Classification of Vesicoureteral Reflux
* Grade I reflux into non-dilated ureter
* Grade II reflux into the renal pelvis and calyces without dilatation
* Grade III mild/moderate dilatation of the ureter, renal pelvis and calyces
with minimal blunting of the fornices
* Grade IV dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces with moderate ureteral
tortuosity
* Grade V gross dilatation of the ureter, pelvis and calyces; ureteral
tortuosity; papillary impressions
The younger the age of the patient and the lower the grade at presentation the
higher the chance of spontaneous resolution. Most (approx. 85%) of grade I & II
cases of VUR will resolve spontaneously. Approximately 50% of grade III cases
and a lower percentage of higher grades will also resolve spontaneously.
Diagnosis
The following procedures may be used to diagnose VUR:
* Nuclear cystogram (RNC)
* Flouroscopic voiding cytourerthrogram (VCUG)
* Ultrasonic cystography
* Abdominal ultrasound
VCUG is the method of choice for grading and initial workup, while RNC is
preferred for subsequent evaluations as there is less exposure to radiation. A
high index of suspicion should be attached to any case a where a child presents
with a urinary tract infection, and anatomical causes should be excluded. A VCUG
and abdominal ultrasound should be performed in these cases
Treatment
Medical treatment is the preferred mode of management but surgical interventions
may be necessary. Medical management is recommended in children with Grade I-III
VUR as most cases will resolve spontaneously. A trial of medical treatment is
indicated in patients with Grade IV VUR especially in younger patients or those
with unilateral disease. Of the patients with Grade V VUR only infants are
trialled on a medical approach before surgery is indicated, in older patients
surgery is the only option.
Medical Treatment
Medical treatment entails low dose antibiotic prophylaxis until resolution of
VUR occurs. Antibiotics are administered nightly at half the normal therapeutic
dose. The specific antibiotics used differ with the age of the patient and
include:
* Amoxicillin or ampicillin - infants younger then 6 weeks
* Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (co-trimoxazole) - 6 weeks to 2 months
After 2 months the following antibiotics are suitable:
* Nitrofurantoin
* Nalidixic acid
* Bactrim
* Trimethoprim
* Cephalosporins
Urine cultures are performed 3 monthly to exclude breakthrough infection. Annual
radiological investigations are likewise indicated. Good perineal hygiene, and
timed and double voiding are also important aspects of medical treatment.
Bladder dysfunction is treated with the administration of anticholinergics.
Surgical Management
A surgical approach is necessary in cases where a breakthrough infection results
despite prophylaxis, or there is non-compliance with the prophylaxis. Similarly
if the VUR is severe (Grade IV & V), there are pyelonephritic changes or
congenital abnormalities. Other reasons necessitating surgical intervention are
failure of renal growth, formation of new scars, renal deterioration and VUR in
girls approaching puberty.
There are three types of surgical procedure available for the treatment of VUR:
endoscopic (STING procedure); laparoscopic; and open procedures (Cohen
procedure, Leadbetter-Politano procedure).
FVUR Fraction of variance unexplained regression
In statistics, the fraction of variance unexplained (or FVU) in the context of a
regression task is the amount of variance of the regressand Y which cannot be
explained, i.e., which is not correctly predicted, by the explanatory variable
X.
Formal definition
Given a regression function f(·) yielding for each yi, 1\leq i\leq N, an
estimate \hat{y}_i = f(x_i), we have:
\begin{align} FVU &= {SS_E \over SS_T} = 1-{SS_R \over SS_T}. \\ &= 1 - R^2, \end{align}
where R2 is the coefficient of determination and
\begin{align} SS_E&=\sum{}_{i=1}^N\;(y_i - \hat{y_i})^2\\ SS_T&=\sum{}_{i=1}^N\;(y_i-\bar{y})^2
\\ SS_R&=\sum{}_{i=1}^N\;(\hat{y_i}-\bar{y})^2 \textrm{\ \ and} \\ \bar{y}&=\frac{1}{N}\sum{}_{i=1}^N\;y_i.
\end{align}
Alternatively, the fraction of variance unexplained can be defined as:
FVU = \frac{MSE(f)}{\mathrm{var}[Y]} = \frac{\mathrm{var}[Y - f(X)]}{\mathrm{var}[Y]},
where MSE(f) is the mean squared error of the regression function f(·).
Explanation
It is useful to consider the second definition to get the idea behind FVU. When
trying to predict Y, the most naοve regression function that we can think of is
the constant function predicting the mean of Y, i.e., f(x_i)=\bar{y}. It follows
that the MSE of this function equals the variance of Y; that is, SSE = SST, and
SSR = 0. In this case, the variations in Y cannot be accounted for, and the FVU
then has its maximum value of 1.
The FVU will also be 1 if the explanatory variable X tells us nothing about Y in
the sense that the predicted values of Y do not covary with Y. But as prediction
gets better and the MSE can be reduced, the FVU does down. In the case of
perfect prediction where \hat{y}_i = y_i, the MSE is 0, SSE = 0, SST = SSE, and
the FVU is 0.
RuneScape has often been one of
the top massive online role playing games. It is a unique game. But, with a
unique game, comes unique players. Players get bored, and then try to develop
cheats....autos or bots that will help them achieve success in their beloved
games of Runescape 2.
RuneScape is a virtual world which
is divided into two part: Members Areas and Non-Members areas. People who pay to
play (p2p), receive access to the special areas. They also have access to the
free areas. The members' places are much larger, offer "better" items for the
gameplay of rs2, and much, much more. The character that you create when you
first start playing runescape, moves around the game on foot; either by running,
or walking. Players are challenged to their utmost skills by fighting new
monsters, completing difficult quests, and manipulating marketing. As Runescape
2 is an RPG (Role playing game), there is no set path a person must take to play
rs. They can choose what to do, and when, whether it be training their
money-making skills, or fighting another player. Players usually interact with
each other by chatting through public chat, or private chat.Internet Junction For Gamers, Runescape Market and More IJFG.COM IJFG.com
was a runescape 2 based site. They have now, however, taken another look....
Of
course the king of all game cheating websites is
trick the trik (otherwise known as RPG Cheats Site), where you can find
cheat forums, mmorpg topsite, arcade games and any mmo game related topics.
The master of massive multiplayer
online role-playing games (MMORPG) cheats can be found at Trik.com
Trik.com; this site is one of the best today. The forum section,
Trik.com forum, originally came from IJFG.com (Internet Junction For
Gamers) , which was one of the best websites that discussed various gamers'
issues. The full name was Internet Junction For Gamers, Runescape Market and
More. This site had Jokes, Pranks, RuneScape and other cool games. RuneScape is
set in a medieval fantasy world, similar to "Guild Wars" or "EverQuest," where
players control character representations of themselves. As with most MMORPG,
there is no overall objective or end to the game. Players explore, form
alliances, perform optional tasks, and complete quests for rewards and to build
characters' skills.
Trik.com continues IJFG.com's
success, but Trik.com has more to offer. Trik Topsite can be found at
Trik Topsite; the TopSite is a great addition if you want to find the best
MMO RPG site(s) or raise your site in the rankings. Trik.com also has a
viciously competitive Arcade. If you want to be the #1 Arcade on Trik, then come
prove yourself at Trik.com arcade:
Trik arcade. Trik.com Trik.com/topsite Trik.com/forum/arcade.php
With the rising popularity of
commercial MMORPG games came the desire from ardent players of these games to
run their own servers beside the ones run by the game's creator. Since the
original server software is not usually available, the behavior of the server
has to be re-engineered. This can be done by analyzing the data stream with the
original server, or by disassembling and analyzing the client which is
available.
Ultima Online was one of the first
large MMORPGs. Due to its openness in implementation, server emulators arose
very quickly, even during the beta stage of development. The destination to
which the client connects was changeable by simply editing a text file. In beta
stage the client-server data stream was not encrypted yet. The term server
emulator became known through Ultima Online server reimplementation such as UOX,
which was the pioneer. Many forks and reimplementations followed UOX, because
its source code was released under the GNU General Public License relatively
early. RunUO is today the most widely used UO-server emulator. After RuneScape
implemented anti-cheating measures, many gamers left and started their own
private servers. The best place to discuss the private server is at
Trik- The Master of Private Server.
Another useful site is
Rune Web ruwb.com . This site is about more serious RuneScape gold trading,
account exchange, gold for real life cash and many services. It includes tips on
how to avoid getting lured/scammed while using the marketplace. For programming,
visual basics, java, C/C++, scar and all other languages such as PHP, HTML, ASP,
Delphi. There are also sections for graphics talents, plus many cool videos and
fun stuff.
A defining moment in internet
gaming history was when a group of gamers called (hygo 7) decided to start an
ultimate game forum, which they named
hygo.com. It has the best financial backing, the friendliest game community,
and the highest quality of information. Currently Hygo.com has entered a new
phase...Hygo.com is offering the best private server game. With thousands of
members, Hygo.com is your next place to visit, as they have an amazing game with
a community and economy.
Hygo.com - The Online Adventure Game. is definitely one of the top sites you want to join right
now!
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